Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology
https://jabbnet.com/article/doi/10.31893/jabb.22033
Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology
Review Article Open Access

Anatomical, physiological, and behavioral mechanisms of thermoregulation in elephants

Adriana Domínguez-Oliva, Marcelo Daniel Ghezzi, Patricia Mora-Medina, Ismael Hernández-Ávalos, Joseline Jacome, Andrea Castellón, Isabel Falcón, Fátima Reséndiz, Nicole Romero, Raúl Ponce, Daniel Mota-Rojas

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Abstract

Elephants use different thermoregulatory mechanisms that depend on the anatomical and morphological characteristics of the species. The crevices and wrinkles of the skin enhance the water-retention capacity of the epidermis. The highly vascularized ear is another region of particular interest, as its movement and vasomotor changes promote heat dissipation. Generally, these mechanisms are modulated by the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center and by the peripheral response of animals. Nonetheless, elephants are currently exposed to alterations in their habitats, such as global warming and climatic changes, which challenge their homeothermy. This article aims to discuss the thermoregulation mechanisms of African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian (Elephas maximus) elephants from an anatomical, physiological, and behavioral basis. The practical implications of these elements will be analyzed to implement tools, such as infrared thermography, or environmental enrichment, as strategies to promote the thermal balance of elephants.

Keywords

Loxodonta africana, Elephas maximus, elephant anatomy, thermal state

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Submitted date:
07/27/2022

Reviewed date:
09/06/2022

Accepted date:
09/07/2022

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