Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology
https://jabbnet.com/article/doi/10.31893/jabb.23015
Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology
Review Article Open Access

Veganism and animal welfare: scientific, ethical, and philosophical arguments

Daniel Mota-Rojas, Alexandra L. Whittaker, Leonardo Thielo de la Vega, Marcelo Ghezzi, Karina Lezama-García, Adriana Domínguez-Oliva, Isabel Falcón, Alejandro Casas-Alvarado, María Alonso Spilsbury

Downloads: 4
Views: 1183

Abstract

The justification for this review article is to understand the position of vegans and those individuals who consume food of animal origin from an unbiased perspective but with a grounding in scientific evidence. This will provide people who eat meat with scientific and ethical arguments to defend their alimentary autonomy in the context of the moral conflict that has emerged in societies regarding the consumption of meat and animal products, which is criticized –sometimes even attacked– by activists, ovolactovegetarians, or vegetarians with alimentary habits that stress ethical and moral respect for animals. These individuals refuse to eat meat and animal products but sometimes show disrespect for those who do. In recent decades, veganism and vegetarianism have reached an apogee in some western societies where they are often considered a healthy option for humans that simultaneously fosters animal and environmental welfare. While those diets may provide numerous benefits, they can also entail health risks by failing to provide balance and necessary dietary supplements. Various researchers concur that they are not appropriate for pregnant women, children, or carnivorous or omnivorous pets. Our review of scientific articles in favor and against dietary regimens that lack protein of animal origin leads to the conclusion that these dietary changes, on their own, do not reduce animal suffering or the contamination generated by the meat, dairy, and poultry industries. Finally, it is important to consider that, despite the popular opinion that vegetarianism and veganism are healthy diet alternatives, the diet must be individualized and well-balanced according to each stage of their life cycle.

Keywords

alimentary autonomy, animal suffering, vegetarianism, animal welfare, meat consumption

References

Abbott BW, Bishop K, Zarnetske JP, Minaudo C, Chapin FS, Krause S, Hannah DM, Conner L, Ellison D, Godsey SE, Plont S, Marçais J, Kolbe T, Huebner A, Frei RJ, Hampton T, Gu S, Buhman M, Sara Sayedi S, Ursache O, Chapin M, Henderson KD, Pinay G (2019) Human domination of the global water cycle absent from depictions and perceptions. Nature Geoscience 12:533–540. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0374-y

Abu-Assal M, Craig W (1984) The zinc status of pregnant women. Nutrition Reports International 29:485–494.

Agriculture (2020) FoodData Central. https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search. Accessed on: Mar 25, 2022

Alexander P, Brown C, Arneth A, Dias C, Finnigan J, Moran D, Rounsevell MDA (2017) Could consumption of insects, cultured meat or imitation meat reduce global agricultural land use? Global Food Security 15:22–32. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.04.001.

Alonso-Spilsbury M (2019) El bienestar animal: una propuesta ética al consumo de carne desde la medicina veterinaria y zootecnia. Académica Española, Madrid, Spain.

Alonso ME, González-Montaña JR, Lomillos JM (2020) Consumers’ concerns and perceptions of farm animal welfare. Animals 10:385. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030385.

Alvaro C (2019) Lab-grown meat and veganism: a virtue-oriented perspective. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 32:127–141. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-019-09759-2.

Alvaro C (2017) Ethical Veganism, virtue, and greatness of the soul. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 30:765–781. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-017-9698-z.

Andersson R, Bergström S (1998.) Is maternal malnutrition associated with a low sex ratio at birth? Human Biology 70:1101–1106. PMID: 9825599.

Appleby MC (1999) What should we do about animal welfare? Wiley Blackwell, Malden, USA.

Appleby P, Roddam A, Allen N, Key T (2007) Comparative fracture risk in vegetarians and nonvegetarians in EPIC-Oxford. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61:1400–1406. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602659.

Azpitarte G (2020) Nietzsche y los animales. Dissertation, Universidad de Valencia, Spain.

Azrak L El, Charlebois S (2020) The impact of veganism/vegetarianism on animal welfare policy. Journal of Public Management Research 6:12. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5296/jpmr.v6i2.17750.

Barnard ND, Cohen J, Jenkins DJ, Turner-McGrievy G, Gloede L, Green A, Ferdowsian H (2009) A low-fat vegan diet and a conventional diabetes diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled, 74-wk clinical trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89:1588S-1596S. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736H.

Barnard ND, Cohen J, Jenkins DJA, Turner-McGrievy G, Gloede L, Jaster B, Seidl K, Green AA, Talpers S (2006) A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 29:1777–1783. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc06-0606.

Barquera S, Hernández-Barrera L, Trejo B, Shamah T, Campos-Nonato I, Rivera-Dommarco J (2020) Obesidad en México, prevalencia y tendencias en adultos.        Salud Pública de México 62:682–692.

Barr S (2001) Women´s reproductive function. In: Sabate J (ed) Vegetarian Nutrition, 1st edn. CRC Press, Florida, USA, pp 221–249. Doi: 10.1201/9781420036831.ch10.

Barr SI, Chapman GE (2002) Perceptions and practices of self-defined current vegetarian, former vegetarian, and nonvegetarian women. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 102:354–360. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90083-0.

Bastian B, Loughnan S, Haslam N, Radke HRM (2012) Don’t mind meat? the denial of mind to animals used for human consumption. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 38:247–256. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211424291.

Battini F, Agostini A, Tabaglio V, Amaducci S (2016) Environmental impacts of different dairy farming systems in the Po Valley.      Journal of Cleaner Production 112:91–102. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.062.

Bazzano LA, He J, Ogden LG, Loria CM, Vupputuri S, Myers L, Whelton PK (2002) Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in US adults: the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study.       The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76:93–99. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.1.93.

Beardsworth A, Keil T (1991) Health-related beliefs and dietary practices among vegetarians and vegans: a qualitative study. Health Education Journal 50:38–42. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/001789699105000111.

Bekele AE, Drabik D, Dries L, Heijman W (2021) Large‐scale land investments, household displacement, and the effect on land degradation in semiarid agro‐pastoral areas of Ethiopia.     Land Degradation & Development 32:777–791. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3756.

Bernal J (2019) Vegan pet diets is it possible to feed dogs and cats only with vegetables? Acta Scientific Nutritional Health 4:61–62. Doi: 10.31080/ASNH.2020.04.0575.

Bhat ZF, Kumar S, Fayaz H (2015) In vitro meat production: Challenges and benefits over conventional meat production. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 14:241–248. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(14)60887-X.

Bloomer R, Gunnels T, Schriefer J (2015) Comparison of a Restricted and Unrestricted Vegan Diet Plan with a Restricted Omnivorous Diet Plan on Health-Specific Measures. Healthcare 3:544–555. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare3030544.

Bockman J (2019) Accomplishing the most good for animals. In: Dhont K, Hodson G (eds) Why we love and exploit animals. Routledge, London, England, p. 17.

Broom D (2021) Farm animal welfare: A key component of the sustainability of farming systems.  Veterinarski Glasnik 00:1–7. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2298/VETGL210514007B.

Brown WY (2009) Nutritional and ethical issues regarding vegetarianism in the domestic do.        Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition – Australia 17:137–143.

Bruckner DW (2020) The Vegan’s Dilemma. Utilitas 32:350–367. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953820820000060.

Bruckner TA, Helle S, Bolund E, Lummaa V (2015) Culled males, infant mortality and reproductive success in a pre-industrial Finnish population. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. p 20140835. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0835.

Bryant CJ (2019) We can’t keep meating like this: attitudes towards vegetarian and vegan diets in the United Kingdom. Sustainability 11:6844. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236844.

Buff PR, Carter RA, Bauer JE, Kersey JH (2014) Natural pet food: A review of natural diets and their impact on canine and feline physiology. Journal of Animal Science 92:3781–3791. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-7789.

Burr ML, Butland BK (1988) Heart disease in British vegetarians. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48:830–832. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/48.3.830.

Calpe-Berdiel L, Escolà-Gil JC, Blanco-Vaca F (2009) New insights into the molecular actions of plant sterols and stanols in cholesterol metabolism. Atherosclerosis 203:18–31. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.06.026.

Carr M, Winslow G (20019 Meatless diet: A moral imperative? In: Sabate J (ed) Vegetarian Nutrition, 1st edn. CRC Press, Florida, USA, pp 221–249n

Case L, Daristotle L HM (2011) Protein requirements. In: Case L, Daristotle L, Hayek MG, Raasch M (eds) Canine and Feline Nutrition : A Resource for Companion Animal Professionals., 3rd edn. Mosby Elsevier, Missouri, USA, pp 89–106

Case L, Daristotle L, Hayek M (2011) Vitamins. In: Case L, Daristotle L, Hayek MG, Raasch M (eds) Canine and feline nutrition: a resource for companion animal professionals, 3rd edn. Mosby Elsevier, Missouri, USA, pp 27–36.

Case L, Daristotle L, Hayek MG, Raasch M (2010) Canine and feline nutrition: a resource for companion animal professionals, 3rd edn. Mosby Elsevier, Missouri, USA.

Chapagain AK, Hoekstra AY (20119 The blue, green and grey water footprint of rice from production and consumption perspectives. Ecological Economics 70:749–758. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.11.012.

Chen C-W, Lin Y-L, Lin T-K, Lin C-T, Chen B-C, Lin C-L (2008) Total cardiovascular risk profile of Taiwanese vegetarians. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62:138–144. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602689.

Chen Y, She Y, Kaur R, Guo N, Zhang X, Zhang R, Gou X (2019) Is plant sterols a good strategy to lower cholesterol? Journal of Oleo Science 68:811–816. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess19116.

Ciocchetti C (2012) Veganism and living well. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 25:405–417. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-011-9307-5.

Coetzee J (2002) Las Vidas de los Animales. Grijalbo Mondadori, Mexico City, Mexico

Cofnas N (2019) Is vegetarianism healthy for children? Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 59:2052–2060. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1437024.

Cramer H, Kessler CS, Sundberg T, Leach MJ, Schumann D, Adams J, Lauche R (2017) Characteristics of Americans choosing vegetarian and vegan diets for health reasons.   Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 49:561-567.e1. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2017.04.011.

Crowe FL, Appleby PN, Travis RC, Key TJ (2013) Risk of hospitalization or death from ischemic heart disease among British vegetarians and nonvegetarians: results from the EPIC-Oxford cohort study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 97:597–603. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.044073.

Davidson E (2012) Representative concentrations pathways and mitigations scenarios for nitrous oxide. Environmental Research Letters 7:024005. Doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/7/2/024005.

de Haas EN, Oliemans E, van Gerwen MAAM (2021) The need for an alternative to culling day-old male layer chicks: a survey on awareness, alternatives, and the willingness to pay for alternatives in a selected population of Dutch citizens. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8:662197. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.662197.

Demmelmair H, Øyen J, Pickert T, Rauh-Pfeiffer A, Stormark KM, Graff IE, Lie Ø, Kjellevold M, Koletzko B (2019) The effect of Atlantic salmon consumption on the cognitive performance of preschool children – A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition 38:2558–2568. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.11.031.

Dewell A, Weidner G, Sumner MD, Chi CS, Ornish D (2008) A very-low-fat vegan diet increases intake of protective dietary factors and decreases intake of pathogenic dietary factors. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 108:347–356. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2007.10.044.

Dinu M, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A, Sofi F (2017) Vegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: A systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies.    Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 57:3640–3649. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2016.1138447.

Djoussé L, Arnett DK, Coon H, Province MA, Moore LL, Ellison RC (2004) Fruit and vegetable consumption and LDL cholesterol: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79:213–217. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/79.2.213.

Dodd SAS, Cave NJ, Adolphe JL, Shoveller AK, Verbrugghe A (2019) Plant-based (vegan) diets for pets: A survey of pet owner attitudes and feeding practices. PLOS ONE 14:e0210806. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210806

Dodd SAS, Dewey C, Khosa D, Verbrugghe A (2021) A cross-sectional study of owner-reported health in Canadian and American cats fed meat- and plant-based diets. BMC Veterinary Research 17:53. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-02754-8.

Domínguez-Oliva A, Mota-Rojas D, Semendric I, Whittaker AL (2023) The impact of vegan diets on indicators of health in dogs and cats: a systematic review. Veterinary Sciences 10:52. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10010052.

Economou V, Gousia P (2015) Agriculture and food animals as a source of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Infection and Drug Resistance 8:49. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S55778.

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2014a) Scientific Opinion on the welfare risks related to the farming of sheep for wool, meat and milk production. EFSA Journal 12:1–128. Doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3933.

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2011) Scientific opinion concerning the welfare of animals during transport. EFSA Journal 9:1966. Doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.1966.

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2012a) Scientific Opinion on the use of animal-based measures to assess welfare of dairy cows. EFSA Journal 10:2554. Doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2767.

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2014b) Scientific Opinion concerning a Multifactorial approach on the use of animal and non‐animal‐based measures to assess the welfare of pigs. EFSA Journal 12:3702. Doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3702.

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2012b) Statement on the use of animal‐based measures to assess the welfare of animals. EFSA Journal 10:2767. Doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2554.

Food and Agriculture Organization (2012) El Estado Mundial de la Agricultura y la Alimentación. FAO, Rome, Italy.

Ferdous M, Arefin M, Rahman M, Ripon M, Rashid M, Sultana M, Hossain M, Ahammad M, Rafiq K (2019) Beneficial effects of probiotic and phytobiotic as growth promoter alternative to antibiotic for safe broiler production. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research 6:409. Doi: http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2019.f361.

Fessler DM., Arguello AP, Mekdara JM, Macias R (2003) Disgust sensitivity and meat consumption: a test of an emotivist account of moral vegetarianism. Appetite 41:31–41. Doi: 10.1016/S0195-6663(03)00037-0.

Fiestas-Flores J, Pyhälä A (20189 Dietary motivations and challenges among animal rights advocates in Spain. Society & Animals 26:402–425. Doi: 10.1163/15685306-12341484.

Francione GL (2009) Animals as persons: essays on the abolition of animal exploitation. Columbia University Press, New York, USA.

Fraser D (2008) Toward a global perspective on farm animal welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 113:330–339. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2008.01.011.

Fraser GE (1999) Associations between diet and cancer, ischemic heart disease, and all-cause mortality in non-Hispanic white California Seventh-day Adventists. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70:532s-538s. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/70.3.532s.

Freeman M (2000) Omega-3 fatty acids in psychiatry: a review. Annales of Clinic Psychiatry 12:159–65. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009069002816.

Fukuda M, Fukuda K, Shimizu T, Moller H (1998) Decline in sex ratio at birth after Kobe earthquake. Human Reproduction 13:2321–2322. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/13.8.2321.

Fun BNF (2021) Protein.            https://www.nutrition.org.uk/healthy-sustainable-diets/protein/?level=Consumer Accessed on: Mar 5, 2022

Granados E (2018) La India, un país de vegetarianos por religión y necesidad.              https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20180930/452098251154/la-india-un-pais-de-vegetarianos-por-religion-y-necesidad.html. Accessed on:  Mar 5, 2022.

Grandin T (2002) Animals are not things: A view on animal welfare based on neurological complexity. https://www.grandin.com/welfare/animals.are.not.things.html. Accessed on: Mar 5, 2022

Gruzalski B (1989) The case against raising and killing animals for food. In: Regan T, Singer P (eds) Animal rights and human obligations, 2nd edn. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA, pp 185–188.

Haapala EA, Eloranta A-M, Venäläinen T, Schwab U, Lindi V, Lakka TA (2015) Associations of diet quality with cognition in children – the physical activity and nutrition in children study. British Journal of Nutrition 114:1080–1087. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114515001634.

Hallström E, Carlsson-Kanyama A, Börjesson P (2015) Environmental impact of dietary change: a systematic review. Journal of Cleaner Production 91:1–11. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.008.

Hawkes K, O’Connell J, Blurton-Jones N (2018) Hunter-gatherer studies and human evolution: A very selective review. American Journal of Physics and Anthropology 165:777–800. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23403.

Hedenus F, Wirsenius S, Johansson DJA (2014) The importance of reduced meat and dairy consumption for meeting stringent climate change targets. Climatic Change 124:79–91. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1104-5.

Herrmann W, Geisel J (2002) Vegetarian lifestyle and monitoring of vitamin B-12 status.              Clinica Chimica Acta 326:47–59. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-8981(02)00307-8.

Herrmann W, Schorr H, Purschwitz K, Rassoul F, Richter V (2001) Total homocysteine, vitamin B(12), and total antioxidant status in vegetarians.            Clinical Chemistry 47:1094–101. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/47.6.1094.

Hines DM (2010) Vegetarians and Vegans in Kentucky. Dissertation, University of Kentucky.

Hoekstra A, Chapagain A (2007) Globalization of water: Sharing the planet’s freshwater resources. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.

Hoekstra AY, Chapagain AK (2006) Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern. Water Resources Management 21:35–48. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-006-9039-x.

Hopkins J (20199 Protein content of common foods.   https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/bariatrics/_documents/nutrition_protein_content_common_foods.pdf. Accessed on: Mar 13, 2022.

Houwer J, Bruycker E (2007) Implicit attitudes towards meat and vegetables in vegetarians and nonvegetarians. International Journal of Psychology 42:158–165. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590601067060.

Huang Y-W, Jian Z-H, Chang H-C, Nfor ON, Ko P-C, Lung C-C, Lin L-Y, Ho C-C, Chiang Y-C, Liaw Y-P (2014) Vegan diet and blood lipid profiles: a cross-sectional study of pre and postmenopausal women. BMC Women’s Health 14:55. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6874-14-55.

Hudson P, Buckley R (2000) Vegetarian diets: Are they good for pregnant women and their babies?              Practicing Midwife 3:22–23. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaa200.

Hung C-J, Huang P-C, Lu S-C, Li Y-H, Huang H-B, Lin B-F, Chang S-J, Chou H-F (2002) Plasma homocysteine levels in Taiwanese vegetarians are higher than those of omnivores. The Journal of Nutrition 132:152–158. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.2.152.

Hunt MW (2019) Veganism and children: physical and social well-being. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 32:269–291. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-019-09773-4.

Iguacel I, Miguel-Berges ML, Gómez-Bruton A, Moreno LA, Julián C (2019) Veganism, vegetarianism, bone mineral density, and fracture risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition Reviews 77:1–18. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuy045.

Ismail I, Hwang Y-H, Joo S-T (2020) Meat analog as future food: a review. Journal of Animal Science and Technology 62:111–120. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2020.62.2.111.

Jabs J, Devine CM, Sobal J (1998) Model of the process of adopting vegetarian diets: health vegetarians and ethical vegetarians. Journal of Nutrition Education 30:196–202. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3182(98)70319-X.

Jacboi F, Wittchen H-U, Hölting C, Höfler M, Pfister H, Müller N, Lieb R (2004) Prevalence, co-morbidity and correlates of mental disorders in the general population: results from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey (GHS).   Psychological Medicine 34:597–611. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001399.

Jeswani HK, Azapagic A (2011) Water footprint: methodologies and a case study for assessing the impacts of water use. Journal of Cleaner Production 19:1288–1299. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.04.003.

Judge M, Wilson MS (2015) Vegetarian Utopias: Visions of dietary patterns in future societies and support for social change. Futures 71:57–69. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2015.07.005.

Kanakubo K, Fascetti AJ, Larsen JA (2015) Assessment of protein and amino acid concentrations and labeling adequacy of commercial vegetarian diets formulated for dogs and cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 247:385–392. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.247.4.385.

Kanianska R (2016) Agriculture and Its Impact on Land‐Use, Environment, and Ecosystem Services. In: Almused A (ed) Landscape Ecology - The Influences of Land Use and Anthropogenic Impacts of Landscape Creation. InTech, Rijeka, Croatia, pp 3–6.

Kessler CS, Holler S, Joy S, Dhruva A, Michalsen A, Dobos G, Cramer H (2016) Personality profiles, values and empathy: differences between lacto-ovo-vegetarians and vegans. Complementary Medicine Research 23:95–102. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000445369.

Key TJ, Appleby PN, Spencer EA, Travis RC, Allen NE, Thorogood M, Mann JI (2009) Cancer incidence in British vegetarians. British Journal of Cancer 101:192–197. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6605098.

Key TJ, Fraser GE, Thorogood M, Appleby PN, Beral V, Reeves G, Burr ML, Chang-Claude J, Frentzel-Beyme R, Kuzma JW, Mann J, McPherson K (1999) Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians: detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70:516s-524s. Doi: 10.1093/ajcn/70.3.516s.

Kiemer L (2019) Vegan diet and its effect on the dog’s health. Dissertation, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Veterinary Academy.

Knight A, Leitsberger M (2016) Vegetarian versus meat-based diets for companion animals. Animals 6:57. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani6090057.

Koech R, Langat P (2018) Improving irrigation water use efficiency: a review of advances, challenges and opportunities in the Australian context. Water 10:1771. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/w10121771.

Kook PH, Melliger RH, Hersberger M (2020) Efficacy of intramuscular hydroxocobalamin supplementation in cats with cobalamin deficiency and gastrointestinal disease. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 34:1872–1878. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15865.

Krajčovičová-Kudláčková M, Bučková K, Klimeš I, Šeboková E (2003) Iodine deficiency in vegetarians and vegans.          Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 47:183–185. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000070483.

Larsen JA, Fascetti AJ (2020) The role of taurine in cardiac health in dogs and cats.       Advances in Small Animal Care 1:227–238. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yasa.2020.07.015.

Le L, Sabaté J (2014) Beyond meatless, the health effects of vegan diets: findings from the Adventist cohorts. Nutrients 6:2131–2147. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062131.

Lea E, Worsley A (2001) Influences on meat consumption in Australia. Appetite 36:127–136. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1006/appe.2000.0386.

Lehner A, Staub K, Aldakak L, Eppenberger P, Rühli F, Martin RD, Bender N (2020) Fish consumption is associated with school performance in children in a non-linear way. Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health 2020:2–11. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoz038.

Li D (2011) Chemistry behind Vegetarianism. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59:777–784. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf103846u.

Lightowler H, Davies G, Trevan M (1996) Iodine in the diet: Perspectives for vegans.     Journal of the Royal Society of Health 116:14–20. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/146642409611600.

Lopez PD, Cativo EH, Atlas SA, Rosendorff C (2019) The effect of vegan diets on blood pressure in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The American Journal of Medicine 132:875-883.e7. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.01.044.

Lürzel S, Münsch C, Windschnurer I, Futschik A, Palme R, Waiblinger S (2015) The influence of gentle interactions on avoidance distance towards humans, weight gain and physiological parameters in group-housed dairy calves. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 172:9–16. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2015.09.004.

Maclatchy D, Vanderkraak GJ (1995) The phytoestrogen β-sitosterol alters the reproductive endocrine status of goldfish. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 134:305–312. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.1995.1196.

Maldonado S, Ramírez S, García S, Ceballos R, Méndez B (2012) Colesterol: Función biológica e implicaciones médicas. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Farmacéuticas 43:7–22.

Martinelli D, Berkmanienė A (2018) The politics and the demographics of veganism: notes for a critical analysis. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique 31:501–530. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-018-9543-3.

McFarland T (2020) Vegan dry skin: possible causes and cures.    https://www.iamgoingvegan.com/vegan-dry-skin/. Accessed on: May 5, 2022.

McInerney JP (2004) Animal Welfare, Economics and Policy.       https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20110318142209/http://www.defra.gov.uk/evidence/economics/foodfarm/reports/documents/animalwelfare.pdf. Accessed on: Mar 5, 2022.

McLean RR, Jacques PF, Selhub J, Fredman L, Tucker KL, Samelson EJ, Kiel DP, Cupples LA, Hannan MT (2008) Plasma B vitamins, homocysteine, and their relation with bone loss and hip fracture in elderly men and women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 93:2206–2212. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-2710.

McLennan K (2018) Why pain is still a welfare issue for farm animals, and how facial expression could be the answer. Agriculture 8:127. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8080127.

McNulty H, Pentieva K, Hoey L, Ward M (2008) Homocysteine, B-vitamins and CVD. In: Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. pp 232–237.

Melina V, Craig W, Levin S (2016) Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: vegetarian diets. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 116:1970–1980. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025.

Mellen PB, Walsh TF, Herrington DM (2008) Whole grain intake and cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 18:283–290. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2006.12.008.

Messina V, Reed Mangels AN (2001) Considerations in planning vegan diets. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 101:661–669. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00167-5.

Messina M (1996) The vegetarian way: total health for you and your family, 1st edn. Crown Trade Paperbacks, New York, USA.

Micha R, Wallace SK, Mozaffarian D (2010) Red and processed meat consumption and risk of incident coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes mellitus. Circulation 121:2271–2283. Doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.924977.

Michalak J, Zhang X, Jacobi F (2012) Vegetarian diet and mental disorders: results from a representative community survey. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 9:67. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9-67.

Mongabay L, Paz-Cardona A (2019) Los pecados de la palma aceitera en latinoamérica. El Espectador. https://blogs.elespectador.com/medio-ambiente/mongabay-latam/especial-mongabay-latam-los-pecados-la-palma-aceitera-latinoamerica. Accessed on: Mar 13, 2022.

Morand S (2020) Emerging diseases, livestock expansion and biodiversity loss are positively related at global scale. Biological Conservation 248:108707. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108707.

Mota-Rojas D, Orihuela A, Strappini-Asteggiano A, Cajiao-Pachón M, Agüera-Buendía E, Mora-Medina P, Ghezzi M, Alonso-Spilsbury M (2018) Teaching animal welfare in veterinary schools in Latin America. International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine 6:131–140. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.07.003.

Mota-Rojas D, Becerril-Herrera M, Alonso-Spilsbury M, Flores-Peinado S, Ramírez-Necoechea R, Ramírez-Telles JA, Mora-Medina P, Pérez M, Molina E, Soní E, Trujillo-Ortega ME (2012) Effects of long distance transportation and CO2 stunning on critical blood values in pigs. Meat Science 90:893–898. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.11.027.

Mota-Rojas D, Broom D. DM, Orihuela A, Velarde A, Napolitano F, Alonso-Spilsbury M (2020) Effects of human-animal relationship on animal productivity and welfare.                Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology 8:196–205. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.31893/jabb.20026.

Mota-Rojas D, Ghezzi MD, Napolitano F, Rosmini MR, Guerrero-Legarreta I, Martínez-Burnes J, Lezama-García K, Miranda-Cortés A, Vega LT de la, Mora-Medina P, Hernández-Ávalos I (2021a) Quality of death in the river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology 9:1–10. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.31893/jabb.21015.

Mota-Rojas D, Mariti C, Zdeinert A, Riggio G, Mora-Medina P, del Mar Reyes A, Gazzano A, Domínguez-Oliva A, Lezama-García K, José-Pérez N, Hernández-Ávalos I (2021b) Anthropomorphism and Its Adverse Effects on the Distress and Welfare of Companion Animals. Animals 11:3263. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113263.

Mota-Rojas D, Napolitano F, Strappini A, Orihuela A, Ghezzi MD, Hernández-Ávalos I, Mora-Medina P, Whittaker A (2021c) Pain at the slaughterhouse in ruminants with a focus on the neurobiology of sensitisation. Animals 11:1085. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11041085.

Mota‐Rojas D, Strappini A, Whittaker AL, Ghezzi M, Gonçalves Titto C, Calderón-Maldonado N, Mora‐Medina P, Domínguez-Oliva A, Gómez-Prado J, Her-nández-Ávalos I, José-Pérez N, Casas-Alvarado A, Orihuela A (2023) Controversial topics in animal welfare in Latin America: A focus on the legislation of human-companion animal relationship and animals used for recreational practices. Animals 13: In press.

Mubako ST (2018) Blue, green, and grey water quantification approaches: a bibliometric and literature review. Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education 165:4–19. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2018.03289.x.

Muhammad J, Khan S, Su JQ, Hesham AE-L, Ditta A, Nawab J, Ali A (2020) Antibiotics in poultry manure and their associated health issues: a systematic review. Journal of Soils and Sediments 20:486–497. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02360-0.

Naigamwalla DZ, Webb JA, Giger U (2012) Iron deficiency anemia. The Canadian veterinary Journal 53:250–256. PMID: 22942439.

Nascimento FM, Dias NK, Mendes G (2018) Nutritional status and level of physical activity of vegetarians and omnivorous of the federal disctrict. Revista Brasileira De Nutrição Esportiva 12:740–746.

Neo H (2016) Ethical consumption, meaningful substitution and the challenges of vegetarianism advocacy. The Geographical Journal 182:201–212. Doi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/43868700.

Network Water Footprint (2022). What is a water footprint?      https://waterfootprint.org/en/water-footprint/what-is-water-footprint/. Accessed on: Mar 25, 2022.

Neufingerl N, Eilander A (2021) Nutrient intake and status in adults consuming plant-based diets compared to meat-eaters: A systematic review. Nutrients 14:29. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010029.

Neumann CG, Murphy SP, Gewa C, Grillenberger M, Bwibo NO (2007) Meat supplementation improves growth, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes in Kenyan children. The Journal of Nutrition 137:1119–1123. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.4.1119.

Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Depner K, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Schmidt CG, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Roberts HC, Sihvonen LH, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Candiani D, Van der Stede Y, Winckler C (2020) Welfare of cattle at slaughter. EFSA Journal 18:e06275. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6275.

Norat T, Bingham S, Ferrari P, Slimani N, Jenab M, Mazuir M, Overvad K, Olsen A, Tjønneland A, Clavel F, Boutron-Ruault M-C, Kesse E, Boeing H, Bergmann MM, Nieters A, Linseisen J, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Tountas Y, Berrino F, Palli D, Panico S, Tumino R, Vineis P, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Peeters PHM, Engeset D, Lund E, Skeie G, Ardanaz E, González C, Navarro C, Quirós JR, Sanchez M-J, Berglund G, Mattisson I, Hallmans G, Palmqvist R, Day NE, Khaw K-T, Key TJ, San Joaquin M, Hémon B, Saracci R, Kaaks R, Riboli E (2005) Meat, fish, and colorectal cancer risk: the european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 97:906–916. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dji164.

North K, Golding J (2000) A maternal vegetarian diet in pregnancy is associated with hypospadias. BJU International 85:107–113. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00436.x.

Olfert MD, Wattick RA (2018) Vegetarian diets and the risk of diabetes. Current Diabetes Reports 18:101. Doi: 10.1007/s11892-018-1070-9.

Orihuela A, Mota-Rojas D, Velarde A, Strappini-Asteggiano A, Vega LT de la, Borderas-Tordesillas F, Alonso-Spilsbury M, Thielo de la Vega, L. Borderas-Tordesillas F, Alonso-Spilsbury M (2018) Environmental enrichment to improve behaviour in farm animals. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 13:1–25. Doi: 10.1079/PAVSNNR201813059.

Ostrowski B, Malinowska A, Budzyńska A, Nowakowska-Duława E, Hartleb M (2018) Effects of vegetarian diet on gastrointestinal symptoms. Pediatria i Medycyna Rodzinna 14:402–406. Doi: 10.15557/PiMR.2018.0052.

Patisaul HB, Jefferson W (2010) The pros and cons of phytoestrogens. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 31:400–419. Doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.03.003.

Pawlak R, James PS, Raj S (2012) Understanding vitamin B12. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 7:60–65. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827612450688.

Perica MM, Delaš I (2011) Essential fatty acids and psychiatric disorders.     Nutrition in Clinical Practice 26:409–425. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533611411306.

Petti A, Palmieri B, Vadalà M, Laurino C (2017) Vegetarianism and veganism: not only benefits but also gaps. A review. Progress in Nutrition 19:229–242. Doi: https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v19i3.5229.

Phillips F (2005) Vegetarian nutrition. Nutrition Bulletin 30:132–167.

Piazza J (2019) Why people love animals yet continue to eat them. In: Dhont K, Hodson G (eds) Why we love and exploit animals. Routledge, London, England, pp 121–136.

Pickett S (2021) Veganism, moral motivation and false consciousness. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 34:15. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-021-09857-0.

Pribis P, Pencak RC, Grajales T (2010) Beliefs and attitudes toward vegetarian lifestyle across generations. Nutrients 2:523–531. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu2050523.

Prieto A (2009) Veganismo, una filosofía de vida.        https://www.animanaturalis.org/n/veganismo-una-filosofia-de-vida. Accessed on: May 5, 2022.

Qasimi MI, Mohibbi H, Nagaoka K, Watanabe G (2018) Effects of Phytosterols as food additives on adrenal and reproductive endocrine function during sexual maturation in male japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The Journal of Poultry Science 55:155–161. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.0170022

Reisinger A, Clark H (2018) How much do direct livestock emissions actually contribute to global warming?   Global Change Biology 24:1749–1761. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13975.

Rochais C, Henry S, Sankey C, Nassur F, Góracka-Bruzda A, Hausberger M (2014) Visual attention, an indicator of human-animal relationships? A study of domestic horses (Equus caballus). Frontiers in Psychology 5:108. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00108.

Rojo V (2021) Agua ¿Cuánta se Necesita Para Producir Alimentos? https://gastronomadas.com.mx/agua-cuanta-se-necesita-para-producir-alimentos/. Accesed on: March 5, 2022.        

Rose L, Marshall F (1996) Meat eating, homonid sociality, and home bases revisited. Current Anthropology 37:307–338. Doi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2744352.

Rosenfeld DL (2019) A comparison of dietarian identity profiles between vegetarians and vegans. Food Quality and Preference 72:40–44. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.09.008.

Rost S, Gerten D, Bondeau A, Lucht W, Rohwer J, Schaphoff S (2008) Agricultural green and blue water consumption and its influence on the global water system. Water Resources Research 44:W09405.

Rothgerber H (2014) Carnivorous cats, vegetarian dogs, and the resolution of the vegetarian’s dilemma. Anthrozoös 27:485–498. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2752/089279314X14072268687844.

Rothgerber H (2015) Underlying differences between conscientious omnivores and vegetarians in the evaluation of meat and animals. Appetite 87:251–258. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.12.206.

Rothgerberg H (2017) Attitudes toward meat and plants in vegetarians. In: Mariotti F (ed) Vegetarian and Plant Based Diets in Health and Disease Prevention, 1st edn. Academic Press, London, UK, pp 11–35.

Ruby MB (2012) Vegetarianism. A blossoming field of study. Appetite 58:141–150. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.09.019.

Ruiz Carreras M (2019). La política sexual de la carne. Una teoría crítica feminista vegetariana. Madrid: Ochodoscuatro Ediciones. Papeles del CEIC.

Salt H (1914) The humanities of diet. The Vegan Society, Manchester, UK.

Sandoe P, Nielsen BL, Christensen LG, Sorensen P. 1999. Staying good while playing god--the ethics of breeding farm animals. Animal welfare. 8:313–28. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0962728600021953.

Saunders AV, Davis BC, Garg ML (2013) Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vegetarian diets. Medical Journal of Australia 199:s22–s6. Doi: 10.5694/mja11.11507.

Saxmose Nielsen S, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Depner K, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Roberts HC, Sihvonen LH, Stahl K, Velarde Calvo A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Candiani D, Fabris C, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Van der Stede Y, Spoolder H (2020) Scientific opinion concerning the killing of rabbits for purposes other than slaughter. EFSA Journal 18:e05943. Doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5943.

Schneidere F, Tarawali S (2021) Sustainable development goals and livestock systems. Revue Scientifique et Technique 40:1–19. Doi: https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.40.2.3247.

Schuchardt JP, Huss M, Stauss-Grabo M, Hahn A (2010) Significance of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for the development and behaviour of children. European Journal of Pediatrics 169:149–164. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-009-1035-8.

Sean D, Fascetti AJ (2012) Basic nutrition overview. In: Sean D, Fascetti AJ (eds) Applied Veterinary Clinical Nutrition. John Wiley & Sons, Iowa, USA, pp 9–22.

Sebastiani G, Herranz Barbero A, Borrás-Novell C, Alsina Casanova M, Aldecoa-Bilbao V, Andreu-Fernández V, Pascual Tutusaus M, Ferrero Martínez S, Gómez Roig M, García-Algar O (2019) The effects of vegetarian and vegan diet during pregnancy on the health of mothers and offspring. Nutrients 11:557. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030557.

Segovia-Siapco G, Sabaté J (2019) Health and sustainability outcomes of vegetarian dietary patterns: a revisit of the EPIC-Oxford and the Adventist Health Study-2 cohorts.   European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72:60–70. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0310-z.

Semp P-G (2014) Vegan nutrition of dogs and cats. Dissertation, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien.

Shafiq N, Singh M, Kaur S, Khosla P, Malhotra S (2010) Dietary treatment for familial hypercholesterolaemia. In: Shafiq N (ed) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK, pp 19-18.

Shinwell ED, Gorodischer R (1982) Totally vegetarian diets and infant nutrition. Pediatrics 70:582–586. PMID: 6812012.

Singh K, Gupta R (2016) Antifertility activity of β-sitosterol isolated from Barleria Prionitis (L.) roots in male albino rats. International Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Science 8:88–96

Sinha R, Cross AJ, Graubard BI, Leitzmann MF, Schatzkin A (2009) Meat intake and mortality. Archives of Internal Medicine 169:562. Doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.6.

Sintori A, Tzouramani I, Liontakis A (2019) Greenhouse gas emissions in dairy goat farming systems: abatement potential and cost. Animals 9:945. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9110945.

Skaf L, Buonocore E, Dumontet S, Capone R, Franzese PP (2019) Food security and sustainable agriculture in Lebanon: An environmental accounting framework. Journal of Cleaner Production 209:1025–1032. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.301.

Slywitch E, Savalli C, Duarte ACG, Escrivão MAMS (2021) Iron deficiency in vegetarian and omnivorous individuals: analysis of 1340 individuals. Nutrients 13:2964. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13092964.

Stabler SP, Allen RH (2004) Vitamin b12 deficiency as a worldwide problem. Annual Review of Nutrition 24:299–326. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132440.

Stephen SL (2021) Social rights and duties: addresses to ethical societies. Legarre Street Press, New York, USA.

Stringer LC, Fraser EDG, Harris D, Lyon C, Pereira L, Ward CFM, Simelton E (2020) Adaptation and development pathways for different types of farmers. Environmental Science & Policy 104:174–189. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.10.007.

Tong TYN, Appleby PN, Bradbury KE, Perez-Cornago A, Travis RC, Clarke R, Key TJ (2019) Risks of ischaemic heart disease and stroke in meat eaters, fish eaters, and vegetarians over 18 years of follow-up: results from the prospective EPIC-Oxford study. BMJ 1:l4897. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4897.

Tonstad S, Stewart K, Oda K, Batech M, Herring RP, Fraser GE (2013) Vegetarian diets and incidence of diabetes in the Adventist Health Study-2. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 23:292–299. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2011.07.004.

Tovar L (2011) Feminismo y veganismo. Available: http://filosofiavegana.blogspot.com/2011/12/feminismo-y-veganismo.html. Accessed on: May 6, 2022.

Tuncay G, Bulut M (2019) A bioethical approach: Vegan and vegetarian experiences.    Progress in Nutrition 21:375–81. Doi: https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v21i2.6885.

Ursin L (2016) The ethics of the meat paradox. Environmental Ethics 38:131–144.

Vance D (2000) Cholesterol in the year 2000. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids 1529:1–8. Doi: 10.5840/enviroethics201638212.

Vang A, Singh PN, Lee JW, Haddad EH, Brinegar CH (2008) Meats, processed meats, obesity, weight gain and occurrence of diabetes among adults: findings from adventist health studies. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 52:96–104. Doi: 10.1159/000121365.

Velasco I, Bath S, Rayman M (2018) Iodine as essential nutrient during the first 1000 days of life. Nutrients 10:290. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10030290.

Veronese N, Reginster J-Y (2019) The effects of calorie restriction, intermittent fasting and vegetarian diets on bone health.          Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 31:753–758. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-019-01174-x.

Wakefield LA, Shofer FS, Michel KE (2006) Evaluation of cats fed vegetarian diets and attitudes of their caregivers. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 229:70–73. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.229.1.70.

Walsh B (2013) The triple whopper environmental impact of global meat production.  https://science.time.com/2013/12/16/the-triple-whopper-environmental-impact-of-global-meat-production/. Accessed on: Mar 12, 2022.

Warner RD (2019) Review: Analysis of the process and drivers for cellular meat production. Animal 13:3041–3058. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731119001897.

Watling CZ, Schmidt JA, Dunneram Y, Tong TYN, Kelly RK, Knuppel A, Travis RC, Key TJ, Perez-Cornago A (2022) Risk of cancer in regular and low meat-eaters, fish-eaters, and vegetarians: a prospective analysis of UK Biobank participants. BMC Medicine 20:73. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-022-02256-w.

Weder S, Hoffmann M, Becker K, Alexy U, Keller M (2019) Energy, macronutrient intake, and anthropometrics of vegetarian, vegan, and omnivorous children (1–3 years) in Germany (VeChi Diet Study). Nutrients 11:832. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040832.

Wilson MS, Weatherall A, Butler C (2004) A rhetorical approach to discussions about health and vegetarianism. Journal of Health Psychology 9:567–581. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105304044040.

Wolke D, Lereya ST (2015) Long-term effects of bullying. Archives of Disease in Childhood 100:879–885. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2014-306667.

World Health Organization (2017) Animal welfare: an asset for livestock production. https://www.oie.int/app/uploads/2021/03/bull-2017-1-eng.pdf. Accessed on: Mar 29, 2022

World Health Organization (WHO) (2021) Food systems delivering better health.         World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

Wortinger A, Burns K (2015) Protein and Amino Acids. In: Wortinger A, Burns KM (eds) Nutrition and disease management for veterinary technicians and nurses, 2nd edn. Wiley Blackwell, New Jersey, USA, pp 1–272.

Wright N, Wilson L, Smith M, Duncan B, McHugh P (2017) The BROAD study: A randomised controlled trial using a whole food plant-based diet in the community for obesity, ischaemic heart disease or diabetes. Nutrition & Diabetes 7:e256–e256. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nutd.2017.3.

Yokoyama Y, Levin SM, Barnard ND (2017) Association between plant-based diets and plasma lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition Reviews 75:683–698. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nux030.

Young G, Conquer J (2005) Omega-3 fatty acids and neuropsychiatric disorders. Reproduction Nutrition Development 45:1–28. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1051/rnd:2005001.

Young VR, Pellett PL (1985) Wheat proteins in relation to protein requirements and availability of amino acids. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 41:1077–1090. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/41.5.1077.

Young VR, Pellett PL (1994) Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59:1203S-1212S. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/59.5.1203S.

Zafalon RVA, Risolia LW, Vendramini THA, Ayres Rodrigues RB, Pedrinelli V, Teixeira FA, Rentas MF, Perini MP, Alvarenga IC, Brunetto MA (2020) Nutritional inadequacies in commercial vegan foods for dogs and cats. PLOS ONE 15:e0227046. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227046.

Zmora E (1979) Multiple nutritional deficiencies in infants from a strict vegetarian community. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 133:141. Doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1979.02130020031005.

Zoran DL (2002) The carnivore connection to nutrition in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 221:1559–1567. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2002.221.1559.


Submitted date:
03/04/2023

Reviewed date:
04/22/2023

Accepted date:
04/25/2023

6431b505a95395216e31e2f4 jabbnet Articles
Links & Downloads

J. Anim. Behav. Biometeorol.

Share this page
Page Sections